| 1 | Biotechnological approaches in IPM and their impact on environment
B. Vasantharaj David
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.1.1.01-05
Journal of Biopesticide., 2008; 1(1) : 01-05
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The use of chemical pesticide and other agro chemicals are getting reduced /being banned globally because of their toxic effects on human beings and his live stock, residual toxicity, environmental problems, pest out-breaks and drastic effects on beneficial insects. Therefore, now it is imperative to develop a holistic system of tackling pests to make it more eco-friendly, economically viable and socially acceptable for the farmers. In the WTO regime, it is absolutely necessary to limit the usage of chemicals, to remain in the world market and sustain the competition. In this regard to tackle the major pests and diseases of major crops biotechnological approaches are gaining momentum. Compared with usage of chemical pesticides biopesticides constitute around 2% in the country. The biotechnological approaches of pest control such as use of botanical pesticides, use of microbial pesticides, augmentative biocontrol by inundative releases, pheromones and attractants in pest management and plant incorporated protectants (PIPs) / GM crops which are discussed in detail. Advantages and limitations of biopesticides have been outlined and the future approaches are highlighted.
| 2 | Prospects and Promises of Endocrine Biopesticides
D. Muraleedharan and U. Gayathri Elayidam
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.1.1.06-11
Journal of Biopesticide., 2008; 1(1) : 06-11
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The environment hazards resulting from intensive use of synthetic organic crop protection agents, demands that the pest management studies should be biointensive. Environment friendly, safe and compatible approaches paved the way to develop biopesticides. The multiple functional capacities of insect neuropeptides, based on intervention on this system at any level provide opportunities for new insect control strategies. Potential biochemical for insecticidal action like Juvenile hormone, Juvenile hormone esterase, ecdysone, acetyl choline, ion channels and new peptides are discussed in detail.
| 3 | Induction of Specific Biochemical Pathways in Plants for Pest Management
K. P. Sanjayan
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.1.1.12-16
Journal of Biopesticide., 2008; 1(1) : 12-16
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The biochemical pathways encompassing induced resistance involve oxidizing enzymes such as PPO (Polyphenol Oxidase), PO (Peroxidase) and LOX (Lypoxygenase). Increased activities of these enzymes in plants serve as markers for visualizing induced resistance. Induced resistance, being an active defense mechanism, results from the expression of PR-proteins, low molecular weight compounds like phytoalexins and proteinase inhibitors. This paper highlights on the spatial induction, variability and persistence of induced defenses responses in Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. using lepidopterans, aphids and mechanical wounding as elicitors. The early signally events upon wounding by an insect resulting in the release of elicitors JA, Ethylene, Glycans and Absisic acid and the transmission of signals through unwounded sites is described. The practical utility of induced resistance is discussed based on the results of the systematic small scale laboratory essays.
| 4 | Host and non-host plant volatiles on oviposition and orientation behaviour of Trichogramma chilonis Ishii.
Pathipati Usha Rani*, Y. Jyothsna and M. Lakshminarayana1
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.1.1.17-22
Journal of Biopesticide., 2008; 1(1) : 17-22
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In the process of host location and selection several cues associated with host’s play a major role. Volatile compounds emitted by plants as a consequence of herbivore activities are often attractive to insect natural enemies including the Hymenopteran egg parasitoids, Trichogramma species. We studied the plant - parasitoid interactions where the plant surface chemicals act as infochemicals that attract or arrest the parasitoids for egg parasitization and strategically help in preventing the pest infestation. The leaf surface chemicals of R. communis, damaged due to the feeding of the host, Achaea janata (L) (castor semilooper) (Lepidoptera: Noctuiidae), and a non – host, Serpentine leaf miner Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) were evaluated for their
influence on host location, host acceptance and ovipositional behavior against the egg parasitoid, T. chilonis in laboratory bioassays. The A. janata damaged leaf emissions had synomonal effects on the parasitoid and induced orientation and oviposition, whereas, the surface chemicals from the plant infested with non-host L. trifolii ceased to produce any such effects. The maximum egg parasitization was observed in A. janata infested castor leaf extracts compared to the leaf miner infested or normal healthy castor leaf extracts. The results are interesting in the context of tritrophic interactions between the pest, parasite and the host plant and are useful in biological control of insect pests.
| 5 | Induction of resistance through organic amendments for the management of spotted leaf beetle, Epilachna vigintiocto punctata Fab. on Ashwagandha
A.Ravikumar, R. Rajendran, C. Chinniah, S. Irulandi, and R. Pandi.
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.1.1.23-27
Journal of Biopesticide., 2008; 1(1) : 23-27
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Ashwagandha or Asgandh (Withania somnifera Dunal.), is an important medicinal plant which is attacked by several insect pests including spotted leaf beetle, Epilachna vigintioctopunctata Fab. The present investigation was carried out to under field conditions. Results revealed that farmyard manure (FYM) (12.5 t/ha) + Azophos (2 kg/ha) + neem cake (1000 kg/ha) was found to be very effective in reducing the damage of spotted leaf beetle by 69.79 per cent. FYM + Azophos + neem cake combination was less preferred for oviposition which recorded 62.00 eggs/plants, coupled with a minimum feeding area of 6.75 cm2.
| 6 | Evaluation of certain organic nutrient sources against mealy bug, Coccidohystrix insolitus (Green.) and the spotted leaf beetle,
Epilachna vigintioctopunctata Fab. on Ashwagandha, Withania somnifera Dunal.
A.Ravikumar*1 , R. Rajendran2 , C. Chinniah3 , S. Irulandi4 , and R. Pandi5
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.1.1.28-31
Journal of Biopesticide., 2008; 1(1) : 28-31
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Ashwagandha is considered as an important medicinal crop in Indian system of medicine. Ashwagandha suffers attack by several insect pests. The mealy bug, Coccidohystrix insolitus (Green.) and spotted leaf beetle, Epilachna vigintioctopunctata Fab. are found to be the key pests. Since Ashwagandha is a herbal medicine, application of synthetic chemicals leads accumulation of toxic residues. Field experiments were conducted with application of farmyard manure (FYM) (12.5 t/ha) + Azophos (2 kg/ha) + neem cake (1000 kg/ha) and need based foliar application of neem oil (3%) were found to be very effective in reducing the incidence of mealy bug and the damage of spotted leaf beetle.
| 7 | Microbial Management of Crop - Pest
Hem Saxena
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.1.1.32-37
Journal of Biopesticide., 2008; 1(1) : 32-37
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In India most of the farmers depends upon synthetic pesticides for protecting their crops form pest attack. These pesticides not only caused environmental pollution, but also causing health hazardous to human being and domestic animals. This could be prevented by using bio-intensive integrated pest management (BIPM) were microbial insecticides place an important role. Here I have discussed about the important bacterial, fungal, viral, protozoan and nematode - based insecticides.
| 8 | Use of Carpovirusine for Control of Codling Moth, Cydiapomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in Bulgaria Progress Report
*Hristina Kutinkova1, Joerg Samietz 2, Vasiliy Dzhuvinov 1, Yannis Tallot 3
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.1.1.38-40
Journal of Biopesticide., 2008; 1(1) : 38-40
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The trials were carried out in Central-South Bulgaria in 2006 and 2007. In a conventionally managed reference orchard, sixteen chemical treatments were applied during the season. Fifteen of them could act against codling moth larvae. In spite of that, fruit damage by CM reached at harvest 6.8 in 2006 and 18.7 in 2007. At the same time damage in the plot, treated twelve times with GpGV, was only 0.05% in 2006 and 0.4% in 2007. The overwintering population in the plot treated with GpGV was 0.125 larvae per tree in autumn 2006 and 0.175 larvae per tree in 2007, whereas in the reference orchard 3.32 larvae per tree in autumn 2006 and 7.97 in 2007. The high fruit damage and overwintering CM indicate the population to be resistant tothe organophosphates used. Positive results obtained with Carpovirusine show that it may be effective as a means of biocontrol of CM in Bulgaria.
| 9 | Tri-tropic Interaction of Cotton, Red Cotton Bug and Green Muscardine Fungi under In-Vitro Condition
K. Sahayaraj and J. F. Borgio
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.1.1.41-46
Journal of Biopesticide., 2008; 1(1) : 41-46
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Laboratory bioassay was conducted to find out the impact of a green muscardine fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.), Sorokin (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) on an economically important cotton pest, red cotton bug Dysdercus cingulatus (Fab.) (Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae) under laboratory condition using cotton saplings, Gossypium hirsutum Linn. (Malvaceae). Two fungal isolates of M. anisopliae (CPRC 16 and CPRC 18) and also a standard M. anisopliae MTCC 892 were used for the present study. The present experimental results revealed that the tested strains were effective against the red cotton bug on the cotton saplings. Highest mortality (86.67 %) was observed in CPRC 18 at 1.9 x 108 spores/ml, followed by CPRC 16 (80.64 %) at 2.8 x 108 spores/ml.
Subsequently, the LC50 values were also lower (2.27 x 105) and higher 2.83 x 106) for CPRC 18 and CPRC 16 respectively. Percentage of insect infected with M. anisopliae of the former category was highest among live and dead cadavers at 80.00 and 92.30 respectively. The infected dead cadavers were attached on the upper surface of the cotton leaves, which grew very healthy. In future M. anisopliae CPRC 18 can be used to manage this sucking pest in cotton field.
| 10 | In vitro mass production of Pasteuria penetrans (Mankau) Sayre and Starr for the management of Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood
S. Prabhu, S. Kumar S. Subramaniam and A.Sudha1
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.1.1.47-48
Journal of Biopesticide., 2008; 1(1) : 47-48
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Plant parasitic nematodes are parasitized and preyed by a variety of soil organisms which includes predatory nematodes, fungi, bacteria, viruses, protozoans, turbellarians, tardigrades, mites and other microarthropods. One such spore forming and an obligate parasite is Pasteuria penetrans. The major limitation in the use of Pasteuriaspp. is their inability to grow in the absence of host nematodes. In vivo systems although proven are unlikely to be adopted for large scale application in most farming systems. Attempts were made to culture the organism in in vitro. Among the symbiotic bacteria used for mass production co-culturing with Enterobacter proved to be successful in culturing this obligate organism in a specially developed medium for mass multiplication.
| 11 | Studies on the need of Phytosanitory Measures for the Management of the Coffee Berry Borer in Pulney Hills
Stephen D.Samuel, S.Irulandi, A.Ravikumar*, R.Rajendran* and P.K.Vinodkumar.
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.1.1.49-51
Journal of Biopesticide., 2008; 1(1) : 49-51
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The study conducted at the Regional Coffee Research Station, Thandigudi in four villages during the year 2004- 05 to identify the source of inoculum and pattern of emergence of the coffee berry borer adult from gleanings (fallen fruits) and left-over arabica coffee berries revealed that irrespective of the locations surveyed, the population of coffee berry borer in the left over berries appeared to be the main source of inoculum for carryover of the pest to the next season’s crop. The mean number of borer adults that emerged from gleanings was high (21.72) due to rain. Hence, it is important to remove the left-over berries and gleanings to keep the population level low in the next season’s crop.
| 12 | Qualitative Phytochemical Screening of Some Locally Available Insecticidal Plants
J. Martin Rathi, S.Absara, K.Priyadharshini and V.Jegathambika
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.1.1.52-54
Journal of Biopesticide., 2008; 1(1) : 52-54
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Qualitative phytochemical screening of ten locally available insecticidal plants such as Adathoda vasica (Ness) (Acanthaceae), Cynodon dactylon (Linn.) Pers. (Poaceae), Eclipta alba (Linn.) (Asteraceae), Morinda pubescens J.E.Smith (Rubiaceae), Ocimum tenuiflorum (Linn.) (Labiatae), Phyllanthus amarus (Linn.) (Euphobiaceae), Sesbania grandifolora (Linn.) (Fabaceae), Solanum surattense (Linn.) (Solanaceae), Solanum trilobatum (Linn.) (Solanaceae), and Vinca rosea (Linn.) (Apocynaceae) were investigated. Petroleum ether (40 – 600 C), hexane, chloroform, ethanol and water were used as solvents. Secondary metabolities steroids, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, saponnins, tannins, aromatic acids, and xanthoproteins were analysed using standard
procedures. Tannins was found from water and hexane extracts of S. grandifolora and E. alba respectively. Except the chloroform extract of A. vasica, petroleum ether, ethanol extracts of O. tenuiflorum and petroleum ether and hexane extracts of V. rosea had alkaloids.
| 13 | Bioefficacy of Crude and Fractions of Argemone mexicana against Tobacco Caterpillar, Spodoptera Litura Fab. (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera)
S. Malarvannan*., R. Giridharan., S. Sekar., V.R.Prabavathy and Sudha Nair
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.1.1.55-62
Journal of Biopesticide., 2008; 1(1) : 55-62
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The insecticidal activity of crude extracts and fractions of Argemone mexicana L. (Papaveraceae)was investigated against Spodoptera litura Fab. (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera). The different treatments differed significantly in their efficacy. Pupation was nil in chloroform extract and acetone extract, while water extract treated larvae resulted in least pupal weight and maximum malformed adults. The adult life span was least in acetone solvent followed by hexane and petroleum ether extracts. Most of the treatments resulted in nil fecundity. Among the chloroform fractions, the first fraction arrested the pupation. In addition, disturbed moulting, larval-pupal intermediates and malformed moth emergence/dead pupae were also observed.
| 14 | Effect of Neem oil Extractive (NOE) on Repellency, Mortality, Fecundity, Development and Biochemical Analysis of Pericallia ricini (Lepidoptera:Arctidae)
S.Mala and S.Muthalagi
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.1.1.63-66
Journal of Biopesticide., 2008; 1(1) : 63-66
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Investigations carried out on the Biological effects of neem oil extractive were assessed against Pericallia ricini, revealed that NOE affects both feeding and growth rates of Pericallia ricini. The biochemical studies showed that larvae carbohydrate and protein content get reduced in the treated larvae and this reduction is found to be dosage dependent. NOE also influences the number of eggs laid. The hatchability was totally suppressed. The extractive produced malformations in adult and pupae of P.ricini.
| 15 | Efficacy of Some Plant Products against Spotted Leaf Beetle(Hadda beetle), Henosepilachna vigintiooctopunctata (F.) in Brinjal.
N. Murugesan and T.Murugesh
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.1.1.67-69
Journal of Biopesticide., 2008; 1(1) : 67-69
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Ten plant products were evaluated against Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata. They were: Azadirachta indica (Neem) leaf extract (@ 5.0 %), Calotropis gigantea leaf extract @ 5.0 %, Lantana camera leaf extract @ 5.0 %, Neem cake extract @ 5.0 % neem oil @ 2.0 %, Nimbecidine®@ 2 ml /lit %, Pongamia glabra (Pungam) leaf extract @ 5.0 %, Prosopis juliflora L. leaf extract @ 5.0 %, Vitex negundo(Notchi) L. leaf extract (@ 5.0 %), and Allium sativum (Garlic) extract (@ 5.0 %. The standard check, carbaryl (Sevin 50 WP) (@ 0.1%) and an untreated check were included. The plant products were able to bring about higher reduction in population of H.
vigintioctopunctata from 87.86 to 71.97 % on the third day after spray. However, the efficacy was reduced with the increase in days after spray. Higher reduction in population of H. vigintioctopunctata was observed in neem oil and was on a par with C. gigantea , Nimbecidine and L. camera ; P. glabra neem cake extract and V. negundo stood next. However, the plant products were less effective than the standard check carbaryl but better than the untreated check.
| 16 | Effect of Botanical Insecticides on Coffee Berry Borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera : Scolytidae)
S. Irulandi, R. Rajendran, Stephen D.Samuel, A. Ravikumar, P. K. Vinodkumar& K. Sreedharan
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.1.1.70-73
Journal of Biopesticide., 2008; 1(1) : 70-73
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In a laboratory study with eight botanicals against the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (F.) showed that neem oil (3%) was superior (78.67%) to others in bringing about berry borer mortality, followed by TNAU NO 60 EC A 3%, TNAU NO 60 EC (3%) and NSKE 5%. In the field studies, NSKE 5% was superior to others botanicals and was followed by TNAU NO 60 EC A 3%, TNAU NO 60 EC C 3% and neem oil 3%. It was concluded that the variation noticed in effectiveness of the botanicals in the laboratory and field experiments may be due to the rate of photodegradation.
| 17 | Botanical treatment for grain protection and their effects on Seed Germination and Seedling Performance of stored maize
P. Usha Rani and J. Madhusudhana Murthy
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.1.1.74-80
Journal of Biopesticide., 2008; 1(1) : 74-80
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Apart from being known for having insecticidal activity, several plants and their materials also show effects on seed viability and plant growth. The crude acetone extracts from the seeds of Piper cubeba L, coriander, Coriandrum sativum L. and the shade dried leaves of the aquatic weed, Eichhornia crassipes Mart., wood-apple, Limonia acidissima L, the Indian Tamarind, Tamarindus indica L., the coconut palm, Cocos nucifera L., Indian Badam, Terminalia catappa L., the Indian Cherry Syzygium cumini L. and Ivy Gourd, Coccinia indica Wight& Arn. Were evaluated for finding their influence on germination capabilities and seedling growth of treated Zea mays L. seeds. The effect of extract on germination, root and shoot growth and inhibition of seed borne fungi Aspergillus
flavus have been observed in Petri dish bioassays at a concentrations of 0.5, 1.25 and 2.5 mg /g maize seed. In general the extracts had no adverse affects on seed germination and the fungal growth was also quantitatively similar to that of the controls. Present investigation reveals the importance and potential of plant extracts and their allelopathic effects on stored grain.
| 18 | Larvicidal activities of some Euro-Asiatic plants against Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae)
Roman Pavela
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.1.1.81-85
Journal of Biopesticide., 2008; 1(1) : 81-85
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Methanol extracts of the aerial parts from 31 Euro-Asiatic plant fourth instar larvae species were tested for larvicidal activity against the mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) fourth instar larvae. under laboratory conditions. The mortality from six concentrations (5, 10, 25, 50, 100 and 200 ppm) was determined and LD50 was calculated. All plant extracts showed larvicidal activity in 24 h exposure tests. The methanolic extracts of plants Otanthus maritimus displayad the highest larvicidal activities with LD50 7 ppm, followed by Ammi visnaga , Acer pseudoplatanus, Acer platanoides and Satureja hortensis with LO50 9, 23, 28 and 28 ppm, respectively.
| 19 | Distribution of predatory arthropod communities in selected sandal provenances of south India
R.Sundararaj
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.1.1.86-91
Journal of Biopesticide., 2008; 1(1) : 86-91
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Detailed study was undertaken to explore the diversity of predatory arthropods in six-sandal provenances viz., Bangalore, Thangali and Mandagadde in Karnataka, Javadis and Chitteri in Tamil Nadu and Marayoor in Kerala. The study revealed the presence of 74 species of predatory insects and 24 species of spiders and their distribution in different sandal provenances were discussed in this paper.
| 20 | Host Preference of Trathala flavoorbitalis on Brinjal shoot and Fruit Borer and Rice Leaf Folder
M.A.Rahman, S.N.Alam, M.Z.Alam and M.M.Hossain
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.1.1.92-97
Journal of Biopesticide., 2008; 1(1) : 92-97
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The study was conducted both in the greenhouse and field from August 2003 to August 2004. Trathala flavoorbitalis is an efficient parasitoid of both Brinjal shoot and fruit borer (BSFB) and Rice leaffolder (RLF) but its parasitism efficiency on BSFB larvae is higher than that of RLF larvae. The highest parasitism rate by T. flavoorbitalis on BSFB larvae in August is 36% & July is 47% and on RLF larvae in November is 26% & Mid March-April is 28%. The parasitism rate of T. flavoorbitalis was always significantly higher in BSFB larvae than that of RLF. The parasitism of BSFB larvae was 1.52 to 2.14 folds higher than that of RLF. In the confined
condition of cage or microplot, when T. flavoorbitalis was given a choice to parasitize BSFB and RLF larvae, they preferred more BSFB larvae
| 21 | Evaluation of an IPM Module against the Leafhopper, Amrasca devastans (Distant) in Cotton
N. Murugesan1 and A.Kavitha
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.1.1.98-100
Journal of Biopesticide., 2008; 1(1) : 98-100
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To develop an IPM module against cotton leafhopper different tactics like, leafhopper resistant cultivar (KC 2) were integrated in different combinations and were evaluated. When the susceptible LRA 5166 was raised from imidacloprid treated seed with cluster bean intercrop and need based application of dimethoate 0.03 % leafhopper population was reduced by 79.01 per cent and seed cotton yield increased by 31.76 %. The pest reduction was 57.08 % with mere introduction of resistant cultivar viz., KC 2; the yield increase was 58.82 %. The yield increase was 125.88 % when the resistant cultivar KC 2 was raised from imidacloprid treated seeds, grown with cluster bean intercrop and applied with dimethoate on need basis.
| 22 | Evaluation of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles against fungal pathogens of mulberry Morus indica
K.Govindaraju, V.Kiruthiga and G.Singaravelu*
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.1.1.101-104
Journal of Biopesticide., 2008; 1(1) : 101-104
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Biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles were subjected for in vitro studies against fungal pathogens Cerotelium fici, Cercospora moricola and Phyllactinia corylea of mulberry. Biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles showed promising antifungal activity against assayed fungus.