Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) is one of the commonly consumed vegetable in many countries including Pakistan. And attack by sucking and chewing insect pests likewise, Jassid, aphid, whitefly, shoot and fruit borers, cause significant losses in yield production. Therefore a research trail was conducted to evaluate effect of plant extracts against sucking and chewing insect pests and their associated natural enemies in brinjal crop under field conditions. For this four different plant extracts (Neem seed, Garlic, Eucalyptus and Tobacco) were used to evaluate their efficacy. Two sprays were applied at fifteen intervals and data was recorded before and after 24 hours and 72 hours after spray. In present results, we observed that all plant extracts significantly reduced insect pest population as compared with control groups, while among plant extracts the neem seed and garlic extract were observed more lethal to jassids, aphids and on white flies respectively, as compared to eucalyptus and tobacco extract. Similarly, a minimum damage % of fruit borer was also observed in neem seed and garlic extract as compared to tobacco and eucalyptus. However, no adverse effects were observed on natural enemies.

Keywords: Phytophagous insects, Beneficial insects, Biopesticides, Brinjal Crop.

A study was conducted to evaluate the possible effects of Prosopis cineraria botanical extracts on Callosobruchus chinensis development. To stop the test pest from invading green gram seeds, extracts from the bark, fruit, and leaves of the plant P. cineraria were investigated as remedial treatments. In this study, the term "rate of development" refers to the amount of time it takes for a pest insect to emerge as an adult. The effectiveness of the botanical preparations was assessed in terms of the adult insects' delayed emergence from the infected seeds. When compared to control groups, which had a mean rate of development of 26 days, the treatment with plant extracts dramatically accelerated C. chinensis pace of development. A 39.67-day maximum was recorded when using 10% bark aqueous extract. The rate of insect development was also slowed down by all 10% preparations, 5% aqueous leaf extract, 5% aqueous suspension, and 5% aqueous bark extract. Based on the promising study results, it was determined that this tree's leaf extract, which is widely accessible in the dry regions of the Indian subcontinent, might be utilized as a cheap, safe, and convenient grain protectant, particularly for domestic usage.

Key words: Biopesticides, Callosobruchus chinensis, Growth retarder, Prosopis cineraria, Rate of development, Stored grain pests.

Fusarium oxysporum is the primary cause of Fusarium wilt, one of the major diseases that harm shallots. 50% of yield can be lost due to Fusarium wilt. It is anticipated that endophytic fungus will inhibit the growth of Fusarium wilt disease in shallots. The endophytic fungi from shallot plants that have the potential to act as biological control agents for the fungal disease F. oxysporum are suggested to be chosen in this study. Using Malt Extract Agar (MEA) medium, endophytic fungi were isolated from healthy shallot plant components (roots, tubers, stems, and leaves). Using dual culture and volatile techniques, the antagonistic potential of endophytic fungi against F. oxysporum was examined. Using shallot seeds, pathogenicity studies for endophytic fungus were conducted in vitro. Twelve endophytic fungal isolates were able to impede the growth of F. oxysporum using the dual culture method; the percentage of inhibition reached 72.52% at seven days post-inoculation. The endophytic fungus was also able to stop F. oxysporum mycelial growth using the volatile compound test, with a percentage inhibition ranging from 4.08 - 27.37%. The findings of the pathogenicity test demonstrated that the four isolates posed a risk to the shallot seeds. The most successful isolate in preventing the growth of F. oxysporum was the endophytic fungus AB4D1, which is a member of the Trichoderma asperellum species.

Key word: Antagonist, DNA, dual culture, Fusarium oxysporum, shallot, volatile

The current study investigated the insecticidal potential of Anacardium occidentale and Chromolaena odorata in managing the main insect pests of cabbage in field settings. The 2018 and 2019 major and minor rainy seasons were when the study was carried out. Four treatments were used: a normal insecticide (Emamectin benzoate, 3 mL/L), a water extract of C. odorata leaves, a water extract of A. occidentale nutshell liquid (50 g/L), and soapy water as a control. Four replicates were used in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) arrangement for these. The quantity and presence of insects, an evaluation of leaf damage, and an estimation of harvest yield were the data collected. Thirteen different species of insects were recorded, and classified as major, minor, and beneficial pests. Plutella xylostella and Hellula undalis infestations in the control group were generally much greater than those in the other treatments. The botanicals were more successful than the control at reducing the aphid population. In general, the botanicals outperformed the control in terms of Phyllotreta sp. and ant population; however, there was no discernible difference in the response for Zonoceros variagatus and cabbage white flies. The mean weights, head diameters, and mean head heights for each treatment showed a significant difference (p < 0.05). For both seasons, more than 60% of the leaves had damage ranging from 0% to 20% (Damage 1). The results of this study demonstrate the two botanicals insecticidal properties against the most common insect pests of cabbage, allowing them to be included in an integrated pest management (IPM) package.

Key word: Plutella xylostella, Hellula. undalis, Insecticidal activities, Cabbage, Pests

The rhizospheric mycobiome of medicinal plants plays a vital role in influencing secondary metabolites and overall plant health. These fungi influence the content of bioactive chemicals and essential oils while also promoting plant growth. They improve the medicinal value and plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors as bioinoculants. The purpose of this review is to investigate the diversity of rhizosphere fungi in medicinal plants, recognize important fungal groups and recurring patterns, and comprehend how these fungi contribute to the diversity of above-ground plant life. These realizations may result in sustainable and environmentally favorable methods of managing medicinal plant cultivation.

Keywords: Mycobiome, metabolites, medicinal plants, rhizosphere

One of the most harmful infections to chickpea plants, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, causes stem rot and causes financial losses all over the world. Beneath the soil's surface, as sclerotia, the pathogen can live for a very long time alongside the detritus. As a result, the condition is extremely difficult to manage, has nearly no known treatments, and only a few types have been shown to be somewhat successful against the infection. Thus, the primary goal of the research is to investigate the effects of a variety of treatments, including Rhizobium leguminosarum + Pseudomonas fluorescens combination, Trichoderma viride, Saaf (Carbendazim 12%+ Mancozeb 63% WP), Vitavax Power (Carboxin 37.5%+ Thiram 37.5%), Hexaconazole, and Rhizobium leguminosarum

+ Pseudomonas fluorescens, to investigate their impact on S. sclerotiorum suppression. While maintaining sustainability, bioagents improve the soil's properties and productivity. Fungicides have been found to be effective when bio-agents are not able to control a disease. Therefore, in this investigation, both methods of treatment were used. The results of an experiment conducted in both in vitro and in vivo conditions showed that chemical treatment with Saaf fungicide and seed treatment with T. viride were highly efficient against S. sclerotiorum.

Keywords: Bio-agents, seed treatment, S. sclerotiorum, sclerotia

The Spodoptera litura (Tobacco Caterpillar) has significantly damaged various cultivated crops, primarily affecting Solanaceous crops. It voraciously consumes the crop leaves, giving the appearance of animal grazing. It can cause extensive damage in its later stages, ultimately leading to crops decay. Commercial farmers typically depend on chemical pesticides for control. However, the overreliance on chemical insecticides to combat S. litura has led to the development of resistance over time. Various strategies have been explored in pursuit of environmentally friendly pest control measures. These include natural predators, employing techniques like sex pheromones and genetically modified crops, and utilizing RNA interference tools. While these methods have encountered implementation challenges, they are noteworthy for being safe, sustainable, and tailored to specific species. In this comprehensive review, we have delved into historical and current practices for pest management, covering cultural techniques, chemical controls, and biological methods. In addition, we have examined emerging technologies like the gene editing approach, nano-insecticides, neuropeptides and seminal fluid proteins that are promising tools in the ongoing efforts to manage S. litura.

Keywords: Spodoptera litura, Bio-pesticides, Polyphagous, Nano-insecticides, BT-Technology, Neuropeptides, Accessory gland Protein.

Pepper plants treated with the same Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) showed no signs and symptoms of disease, in contrast to plants treated with these compounds as a control, which was thought to act as an inhibitory start to the viral infection. This resistance was sparked by the pepper plants' exposure to the TMV virus. Furthermore, the ELISA test findings indicated a wave reaction based on the yellow color that developed in the ELISA plate wells containing the extracts of pepper plants that have been treated with Ganoderma lucidum extract. When compared to the control treatment, which is infected with the virus alone, the wave absorption amount at 405 nm was 0.296 nm, indicating that the highest percentage of virus duplication occurred (69%) after the second week of the G. lucidum treatment and before six days of infection. On the other hand, 58% of the virus was duplicated when the G. lucidum extract was sprayed three days prior to the virus infection, and the wave absorption value was 0.404 nm. The values of wave absorption following splashing with the same extract were 0.612 and 0.598 after three and six days of virus infection, respectively, and the percentages of virus duplication were 37 and 38%. Lastly, it should be emphasized that, rather than using chemical pesticides that are unsafe to use against the causes of plant diseases, more research must be done in the future regarding the extraction of these anti-viral plant extracts as well as extracts of naturally occurring substances that are environmentally friendly.

Keywords: Induced antiviral proteins (IAVPs), Tobacco mosaic virus, Datura stramonium, Ganoderma lucidum.