| 1 | Field evaluation of biopesticides against tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura Fab. infesting Gloriosa superba (Linn.)
Suganthy, M and P. Sakthivel
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.6.2.90-95
Journal of Biopesticide., 2013; 6(2) : 90-95
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Field experiments were carried out from August, 2011 to December, 2011 to study the field efficacy of bio-pesticides against Spodoptera litura on Gloriosa superba. Results of the field experiments revealed that among the treatments, flavonoids recorded superiority in the management of S. litura starting from 3rd day after treatment and it was statistically on par with the standard chemical check,
quinalphos. Pungam oil 3% was next in the order of efficacy, followed by neem oil 3% and NSKE 5%. Efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) at 2 ml/lit was realized only at seven days after treatment and persisted even after 14 days of second spray. Fourteen days after treatment, Bt was next in the order of efficacy after chemical pesticides and flavonoids. From the findings of the field trials,
flavonoids showed the best in control of S. litura compared with the tested agents. We recommend flavonoid to be the alternative to chemical pesticides in gloriosa eco-system and to be used as one of the components in organic pest management.
| 2 | Bioefficacy of certain insecticides and Beauveria bassiana against coccids in flower crops
S. Vijay and S. Suresh
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.6.2.96-100
Journal of Biopesticide., 2013; 6(2) : 96-100
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Coccids (Scales and mealy bugs) have attained serious pest status on a wide range of host plants. Coccids are persistent in nature, their small size makes them difficult to detect and identify in the field and during quarantine inspection. The toxicity studies indicated that profenophos 50 EC 2ml/lit, methyl parathion 50 EC 2ml/lit fish oil rosin soap 20g/lit, imidacloprid 70 WS 0.4 ml/lit, acephate 75 SP 2g/lit and dimethoate 30 EC 2 ml/lit were highly toxic to Phenacoccus solenopsis, Coccidohystrix insolita, Parasaissetia nigra and Cerococcus indicus and the efficacy persisted up to 10 days under field condition. Beauveria bassiana was found to be moderately effective at 10 days after treatment.
| 3 | Efficacy of ecofriendly management against Rhinoceros beetle grubs in coconut
Yamini Varma C.K
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.6.2.101-103
Journal of Biopesticide., 2013; 6(2) : 101-103
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The Rhinoceros beetle Oryctes rhinoceros (L) is an important pest reported from all the coconut growing countries of the world. Application of chemical pesticides is expensive and may cause environmental pollution. Therefore an on farm trial was conducted by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Palakkad, Kerala, India in an area of one hectare, in Thachampara, Kanjirappuzha, Pookkottukavu and Ottappalam areas in Palakkad district during kharif 2011-2012. Efficacy of three ecofriendly methods : application of common salt @ 2kg/palm, 2 times a year, filling the innermost two leaf axils with naphthalene balls + sand and incorporation of dry leaf powder of weed Clerodendron infortunatum Lin.@10% w/w basis in manure pits, and application of Metarhizium anisopliae @ 300 ml/l of water/m2 area (108 spores/ml of water) in manure pits coconut basins and other breeding sites during wet conditions. Observations after three weeks of treatment showed 100% mycosis of O. rhinoceros grubs by M. anisopliae and after 6 months, reduction of pest attack from 85% to 10%. The farmer’s practice and recommended practice were less effective with a final pest attack of 83% and 43% respectively. Therefore M. anisopliae can be effectively used as a bio control agent against rhinoceros beetle.
| 4 | Traditional sources of mosquito repellents in southeast Nigeria
Nsirim L. Edwin-Wosu, Samuel N. Okiwelu and M. Aline E. Noutcha
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.6.2.104-107
Journal of Biopesticide., 2013; 6(2) : 104-107
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Information was obtained over two-years, in randomly-selected villages across six states viz., Abia, Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross River, Enugu and Rivers in southeast Nigeria, from key informants (herbalists) on plant species used as repellents against malaria vectors. Twenty-four species in 16 families were identified. The Verbenaceae yielded 5 species, the Meliaceae 3 species and the Malvaceae and Labiatae 2 species each. Duranta repens, Duranta plumeri (Verbenaceae) and Ocimum gratissimum (Labiatae) were the most widely used. Sida acuta (Malvaceae) was used in four states. The data were compared to plant species used in other countries across the globe as
mosquito repellents; this showed that southeast Nigeria has a potential array of plant species that may be sources of plant-based malaria vector repellents.
| 5 | Development of biorational-based integrated pest management package against pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner infesting chickpea
M. Mahmudunnabi*, N. K. Dutta, A. K. M. Z. Rahman and S. N. Alam
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.6.2.108-111
Journal of Biopesticide., 2013; 6(2) : 108-111
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Chickpea, (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important pulse crop world-wide. There are many constraints in the production of the crop, of which pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner is the notorious one which causes both quantitative and qualitative loss. Therefore, an
experiment was conducted during rabi 2012-13 to evaluate different biorational based IPM packages viz., IPM package 1 (P1) comprising pheromone trapping of H. armigera along with sequential release of biocontrol agents (Trichograma evanescens @ gm/ha/week + Bracon
hebetor @ 1 jar (1000-1200 adults)/ha/week) and spraying of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) @ 0.4g/ litre of water; IPM package 2 (P2) consists of pheromone trapping in addition to sequential release of bio-control agents and spraying of Helicoverpa nuclear polyhedrosis virus (HNPV) @ 0.1g/litre of water against this pest attacking chickpea. Results indicate that the IPM package (P2) revealed the best performance reducing 68.20% pod damage over control and provided significantly the highest yield (1832.20kg/ha). Consequently, the highest benefit cost ratio (BCR) (2.11) was also recorded from this package. Hence, biocontrol agent release along with installation of sex pheromone traps and spraying of HNPV may be recommended for effective management of pod borer attacking chickpea.
| 6 | Studies on host range and seed transmission nature of Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler causing leaf blight of Isabgol
Rajesh Kumar Meena, S.S. Sharma and S.C. Meena
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.6.2.112-116
Journal of Biopesticide., 2013; 6(2) : 112-116
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From the present investigation of host range, it can be concluded that Alternaria blight pathogen of Isabgol could produce visible symptoms on all the species except Ashwagandha. However, the appearance of symptoms was observed after 7-12- days of inoculation on these plants compared to 5- 7- days in Isabgol. Hence, leaf blight of Isabgol (Alternaria alternata) has a wide host range. Seed is
one of the important sources of external and internal mycoflora. With the help of two methods viz. SBT and PDA plate method, it was observed that six fungi i.e. A. alternata, Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Curvularia lunata and Penicillium spp. were frequent in all the tests. The Blotter and PDA proved to be an effective method to detect the mycoflora. However, the
blotter test proved generally more sensitive, as the frequency of fungi recorded was higher in this test than PDA. Per cent frequencies of all species isolated from sterilized seeds were low as compared to unsterilized seed samples which happen quite naturally. All these mycoflora were examined for their pathogenic ability on Isabgol. Seeds and plants were inoculated with the mycoflora and closely observed for their disease reaction. It was observed that out of six fungi only A. alternata gave pathogenic reaction on the Isabgol and the pathogen is seed borne in nature.
| 7 | Evaluation of biopesticides against rice black bug
E.Sumathi and G.V. Ramasubramanian
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.6.2.117-119
Journal of Biopesticide., 2013; 6(2) : 117-119
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Rice black bug is the major pest of rice in Thiruvallur and Kancheepuram districts. Yield loss at 10 bugs per hill in susceptible cultivars was estimated as 23%. In this context, biopesticide like neem oil (3%), Metarhizium anisopliae (1 x 108 spores) and new molecules profenophos (1000 ml/ha.) were tested against black bug. The results revealed that black bug population was found to be significantly low in profenophos (1000 ml/ha.) sprayed plots 2.0 no./hill. Population reduction was 60.8% followed by Metarhizium anisopliae (1 x 108 spores) applied plots. In neem oil applied plots black bug population ranged from 3.0 no/hill to 3.3 no. /hill whereas control plot recorded the maximum population of 5.1 bugs / hill.
| 8 | Bacillus thuringiensis: molecular characterization, ultrastructural and nematoxicity to Meloidogyne sp..
Diouneia Lisiane Berlitz, Danilo de Athayde Saul, Vilmar Machado, Rita de Cássia Santin, Alexandre Martins Guimarães, Aida Teresinha Santos Matsumura, Bergmann Morais Ribeiro, Lidia Mariana Fiuza
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.6.2.120-128
Journal of Biopesticide., 2013; 6(2) : 120-128
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Nematodes are important pests in agriculture, causing losses that reach $ 125 million annually. In addition to chemical control, biological control using strains of the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis has been studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of new strain of B. thuringiensis to Meloidogyne sp., in laboratory and in greenhouse, as well as the content of cry genes and
structural and ultrastructural analyzes. The MTox 1886-2 isolate was used, at different concentrations, to evaluate the toxicity to juveniles (J2) of Meloidogyne in laboratory, and to eggs and juveniles in greenhouse. Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy and molecular characterization by PCR were performed. Laboratory results showed 96% of corrected mortality of nematodes treated with 1 x 1010cells/mL, getting a LC50 of 2.6x107 cells/mL. In greenhouse, MTox 1886-2 showed 36% reduction in the number of nematodes, compared to control, and presented better results in the weight of the aerial part and the roots of lettuce plants. Structural and ultrastructural analysis of the spore-crystal mixture of the strain revealed the presence of a bipyramidal crystal protein. The analysis of the content of cry genes by PCR amplification resulted in a fragment of approximately 1000 bp which was sequenced revealing a target gene of the cry1D subfamily. Thus, the prospects for this study is the use of this gene in the development of genetically modified plants, granting resistance to nematodes, or the use in new commercial formulations.
| 9 | Impact of pesticides-mycorrhia interaction on growth and development of wheat
M. L. Chhabra and B. L. Jalali1
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.6.2.129-132
Journal of Biopesticide., 2013; 6(2) : 129-132
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In the present study impact of five pesticides viz. G- 696, Bavistin, Thiram, Captan and Aldrin on VAM colonization, host growth and nutrient uptake of wheat has been quantified. Most of the test pesticides suppressed the plant height, total dry weight of root-shoot and mycorrhizal density of host plants as compared to VAM alone treated plants. Captan application exhibited most inhibitory effect on all the parameters followed by Thiram and Bavistin. The plant nutrients i.e. nitrogen, phosphorus and potash uptake was also significantly affected by the application of pesticides.
| 10 | Survey and Isolation of natural incidence of different fungal pathogens against house flies in different urban habitats
H. N. Shashi Kumara 1 , S. Murali*1 , N.E. Thyagaraj2 and S.K. Ghosh3
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.6.2.133-138
Journal of Biopesticide., 2013; 6(2) : 133-138
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The investigation on survey of entomopathogenic fungi and isolation against house fly, Musca domestica L. (Muscidae: Diptera) were carried out during 2010-2011 at the Department of Entomology, UAS, Bengaluru and Bio Control Research Laboratory, Pest Control India Private Limited, Bengaluru. Surveys were carried out once in eight days during August to September 2010 in poultry farm, dairy farm, piggery farm and slaughter house in Bengaluru and surrounding areas for natural occurrence of fungal pathogens on house flies. House fly is a well known nuisance pest in all the visited farms and this species is also found in association with human activities, cattle units, poultry farms, and piggery farm. In all the visited farms, insecticides like Deltamethrin, Ektomin, Dichlorovas and pest-o-flash (light trap) are currently being used for managing the house fly. Soil baiting with larvae of Galleria mellonella yielded two isolates representing two genera, Beauveria bassiana and Metarrizium anisopliae from three different locations. No fungus was recovered from the UAS, GKVK Piggery farm. The survey revealed that incidence of fungal species in all farm sectors. House fly population was not widely prevalent in all the locations surveyed. Only two fungal species viz., B. bassiana and Aspergillus flavus were isolated during the survey and there was no epizootic incidence of fungal pathogens during this period. Future studies should be carried out by using different methods of isolation of fungus from naturally occurring house flies.
| 11 | Study on the efficacy of some entomogenous fungi against brown plant hopper, Nilaparvata lugens Stal in irrigated rice
A. Venkat Reddy*, R. Sunitha Devi, S. Dhurua and D.V.V. Reddy
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.6.2.139-143
Journal of Biopesticide., 2013; 6(2) : 139-143
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A field trial was conducted for three consecutive kharif seasons of 2010, 2011 and 2012 to study the efficacy of certain entomopathogenic fungi viz., Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae , Verticilium lecani @ 5 g/l having 1x108 CFU along with standard check - Acephate 75% SP @ 1.5 g/l against brown plant hopper, Nilaparvata lugen Stal and predators (mirid bugs and spiders). The results clearly indicated that Acephate 75 SP @ 1.5g/l was highly effective against BPH, but highly toxic to predators with higher grain yield and higher benefit cost ratio. However, B. bassiana, and M. anisopliae @ 5 g/l though found to be ineffective at 5 days after first spray, their efficacy against BPH increased with increase in days after spray and found to be at par with Acephate at 10
days after second spray. Among the entomopathogens, B. bassiana, and M. anisopliae were found to be relatively more effective against BPH and relatively less toxic to predators, followed by V. lecani.
| 12 | Evaluation of microbial pesticides against major foliage feeders on soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]
K. C. Ahirwar*, R. S. Marabi, A. K. Bhowmick and S.B. Das
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.6.2.144-148
Journal of Biopesticide., 2013; 6(2) : 144-148
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Field trial was conducted during Kharif season with six microbial treatments against foliage feeders of soybean crop. On the basis of overall mean the differences in larval population of Chrysideixis acuta among different treatments were found significant over control. Among these treatments, Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (4.26 larvae/mrl) was found to be most effective followed by Beauveria bassiana (5.06 larvae/mrl), Metarhizium anisopliae (6.06 larvae/mrl), Spinosad 45 SC (6.40 larvae/mrl) and Dipel (7.56 larvae/mrl). Verticillium lecanii (8.03 larvae/mrl) was found to be the least effective treatment. Similarly, overall mean larval population of Spodoptera liura among different treatments also varied significantly after 3rd, 7th and 10th days of spraying. Among various treatments, B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki was found to be most effective as it recorded the lowest larval population (3.63 larvae/mrl) followed by B. bassiana (3.93 larvae/mrl), M. anisopliae (4.53 larvae/mrl), Spinosad 45 SC (4.66 larvae/mrl), Dipel (5.80 larvae/mrl). All the treatments exhibited significantly higher yield as compared to control. It was maximum in treatment, B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki (26.97 q/ha) followed by B. bassiana (24.04 q/ha), M. anisopliae (20.92 q/ha), Spinosad (20.83 q/ha), Dipel (20.72 q/ha) and V. lecanii (16.21 q/ha). The lowest grain yield was recorded in the control plot (14.88 q/ha).
| 13 | Susceptibility of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) to treated entomopathogenic rhabdities, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema sp. by different pesticides
Atwa A. Atwa
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.6.2.149-159
Journal of Biopesticide., 2013; 6(2) : 149-159
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Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) is a major plant pest that causes substantial economic losses worldwide especially in vegetable crops. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) in the families Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae are generally considered beneficial organisms which can serve within integrated pest management (IPM) in agroecosystem. The effect of EPNs Steinernema sp. (EBN1e), and Heterorhabdities bacteriophora (EBN10k) that exposed to 11 different chemical pesticides on the cotton leafworm larvae was determined under laboratory condition. Generally, Steinernema sp. (EBN1e strain) exposed to different tested chemical pesticides was more affected on fifth instar larvae of S. littoralis than H. bacteriophora (EBN10k strain). More than 90% of fifth instar larvae of S. littoralis was killed after exposure to EBN1e strain treated with all used chemical pesticides except EPN1e strain treated with chlorfluazuron, thiocyclam and benomyl which caused 75.45, 80.65 and 81.5 % mortality of cotton leafworm fifth larvae respectively. In otherness, the mortality of fifth instar larvae of S. littoralis required to Heterorahbdities strain was less than Steinernema strain treated with different tested chemicals insecticides. There were significant differences in mortality of S. littoralis fifth instar larvae between EBN1e and EBN10k nematodes strains exposed to different chemical insecticides. The EBN1e strain was highly virulent than EBN10k in all treatments. In general, there was significant difference in mortality rates of cotton leafworm larvae required to EPNs concentrations (500IJs and 1000IJs) exposed to different chemicals and between exposure times.
| 14 | Growth kinetics and pathogenicity of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus isolates against Bemisia tabaci Grennadius (Homoptera : Aleyrodidae)
J.S. Matthew and A. Khan1
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.6.2.160-164
Journal of Biopesticide., 2013; 6(2) : 160-164
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A study was conducted using two isolates of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus obtained from two farming localities in Trinidad – Aranguez and Macoya. The growth kinetics and pathogenicity of both isolates were studied in the laboratory at three temperatures: 200C, 250C and 300C. The growth rates of the isolates differed considerably at the different temperatures and localities with both the Aranguez and Macoya isolates at 250C and 20 0C respectively performing optimally based on the criteria of the present study. The Aranguez isolate was the most pathogenic to Bemisia tabaci at 250C with an LC50 of 3.19 x 104 spores/mL causing 50% mortality (LT50) in 2.39 days; while the Macoya isolate at 20 0C with an LC50 of 3.49 x 105 spores/mL caused 50% mortality and LT50 to Bemisia tabaci is 1.61 days. The results are discussed in relation to similar studies conducted elsewhere.
| 15 | Phytochemical composition and efficacy of ethanolic leaf extracts of some Vernonia species against two phytopathogenic fungi
E.M. Ilondu
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.6.2.165-172
Journal of Biopesticide., 2013; 6(2) : 165-172
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Phytochemicals in the form of ehanolic extracts of three Vernonia species viz., V. ambigua, V. amygdalina and V. cinerea were evaluated in vitro for their efficacy against Cercosporell apersica and Curvularia lunatus isolates of groundnut leafspot disease. The extracts at the concentrations of 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 mg/mL were tested on Potato Dextrose Agar medium (PDAM) for their effect on radial mycalial growth. Maximum growth inhibition of C. persica was observed at 200 mg/mL for V. ambigua and 300 mg/mL for V. amygdalina and V. cinerea while maximum inhibition of C. lunatus was at 300 mg/ml for all the extracts. The extracts had superior inhibition effect over Dithane M45 in fungitoxicity against the pathogens. The phytochemical screening of the extract showed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenes, saponins, tannins among others at varied concentrations while GCMS analysis of the extract revealed a mixture of compounds which may be responsible for the observed biological activity. The exploitation of these extracts will greatly contribute to the available ecofriendly biofungicides in the control of plant diseases due to these fungi.
| 16 | Bioactivity of Alstonia boonei De Wild leaf alkaloid on the growth and development of Maruca vitrata Fab.
O. Nathaniel Oigiangbe*a , M. Tamob and I. Benjamin Igbinosaa
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.6.2.173-177
Journal of Biopesticide., 2013; 6(2) : 173-177
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The bioactivity of Alstonia boonei De Wild leaf alkaloid was tested under laboratory bioassay against the legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata Fabricius. The alkaloid was incorporated into standard M. vitrata artificial diet at five doses [0.00 % (Control), 0.02 %, 0.05 %, 0.10 % and 0.20 %], and fed to the newly emerged first instar M. vitrata larvae in plastic wells under laboratory conditions. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were recorded in the larval survival, wet and dry weights of the larvae at ten days after infestation (DAI). Mean larval survival ranged from 34.78 to 65.00 percent in the treatments with the alkaloid compared with 91.67 percent in the control. At 15 DAI, all the survivors in the control had pupated normally compared with the 4.34 to 35.00 percent pupation (with various levels of deformity) in the treatments with the alkaloid. The mean percentage adult emergence was also significantly different in the control (83.33 %) compared with the other treatments (range 0.00 to 10.00 %). These results indicate a high level of bioactivity of A. boonei leaf alkaloid against M. vitrata. It is concluded that the alkaloid has a great potential in the search for bioactive compounds for the management of the insect.
| 17 | Mosquito larvicidal activity of 8, 11, 14-eicosatrienoic acid of Gliricidia sepium Jacq.
Jiji Thomas1*, M. Shonima Govindan1 and G. Muraleedhara Kurup2
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.6.2.178-181
Journal of Biopesticide., 2013; 6(2) : 178-181
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As part of an ongoing program to identify phytochemicals with mosquitolarvicidal activity, an ethno botanical survey was conducted and a very common plant Gliricidia sepium was selected. Petroleum ether extract of dried leaves after bio-assay guided purification procedures yielded 8, 11, 14- eicosatrienoic acid. Toxicity studies were conducted against larvae and pupae of Culex
quinquefasciatus mosquito, and LC50 and LC90 were calculated using probit analysis. Effect of the phytochemical on non target organisms was also tested using guppy fish. Results proved the nontoxicity of 8, 11, 14-eicosatrienoic acid on non-target aquatic organisms. These results couldboost up amelioration of mosquito menace studies to a great extent.
| 18 | Phytochemicals taken from plants with potential in management of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Marianna P. D’Incao1 *, Neiva Knaak1 and Lidia M. Fiuza1
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.6.2.182-192
Journal of Biopesticide., 2013; 6(2) : 182-192
VIEW ABSTRACT | DOWNLOAD | 0 VIEWS | 0 DOWNLOADS | COUNTRY : BRASIL |
In agriculture, there is a constant search for natural products with biological activities that minimize the environmental impact of various pesticides used such as insecticides. The chemical constituents present in plants have these activities and show promise in fighting pests in agriculture. An approach to the selection of new insecticides that fulfill the requirements of safety, efficacy and selectivity, can be through the study of defense mechanisms of plants. Recent studies have shown the potential insecticide substances and extracts isolated from plants against various insect pests that cause serious damage to crops or stored grain. These active ingredients are distributed by different plant organs and involved in secondary metabolism, are divided into three major groups: terpenes, phenols and nitrogenous compounds. Thus, this review aims to give an overview of the active ingredients obtained from plant extracts with potential insecticidal to Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).
| 19 | Screening of insecticidal activity of brown macroalgal extracts against Dysdercus cingulatus (Fab.) (Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae)
A. Asaraja and K. Sahayaraj
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.6.2.193-203
Journal of Biopesticide., 2013; 6(2) : 193-203
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The marine algae, popularly known as seaweeds are one of the most important marine resources of the world. The biocidal activity of hexane (HE), chloroform (CH), methanol (ME) and water (WA) extracts (100, 200, 400, 600 and 800 ppm) of brown algae (Ochrophyta), Sargassum wightii (Greville ex J. Agardh) (SW) and Padina pavonica (Linn.) Thivy (PP) was assessed against Dysdercus cingulatus (Fab.). GC-MS results revealed that S. wightii showed the presence of stigmastan-6, 22-dien, 3, 5-dedihydro- (71.34%) whereas P. pavonica showed hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (43.26%). The chloroform extract of S. wightii caused more nymphal mortality at 96 hrs (LC50= 631.8 ppm) than P. pavonica (LC50= 1062.5 ppm). Further, column chromatographic fractions of S. wightii (F164 - F323) (LC50= 175.2 ppm) and P. pavonica (F800 - F965) (LC50= 292.7 ppm) showed more nymphal mortality. After 96 hrs, live insects were maintained with normal food and life parameters like adult longevity, mating period, fecundity, hatchability and incubation period were recorded. In S. wightii chloroform extract, male longevity and water extracts male longevity (df= 5, 27; F= 8.177; p= 0.005); female longevity (df=5, 24; F= 6.838; p=0.005). Mating period was highly prolonged by the water extracts. Fecundity and hatchability were highly reduced at 800 ppm both by chloroform and methanol extracts. In P. pavonica, mating period was highly prolonged by the water extract; fecundity and hatchability were highly reduced by hexane and the incubation period was slightly increased by extracts. Hence, these algal extracts can be used as biocide in cotton pest management.
| 20 | Phytochemicals taken from plants with potential in management of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Marianna P. D’Incao1 *, Neiva Knaak1 and Lidia M. Fiuza1
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.6.2.182-192
Journal of Biopesticide., 2013; 6(2) : 182-192
VIEW ABSTRACT | DOWNLOAD | 0 VIEWS | 0 DOWNLOADS | COUNTRY : BRASIL |
In agriculture, there is a constant search for natural products with biological activities that minimize the environmental impact of various pesticides used such as insecticides. The chemical constituents present in plants have these activities and show promise in fighting pests in agriculture. An approach to the selection of new insecticides that fulfill the requirements of safety, efficacy and selectivity, can be through the study of defense mechanisms of plants. Recent studies have shown the potential insecticide substances and extracts isolated from plants against various insect pests that cause serious damage to crops or stored grain. These active ingredients are distributed by different plant organs and involved in secondary metabolism, are divided into three major groups: terpenes, phenols and nitrogenous compounds. Thus, this review aims to give an overview of the active ingredients obtained from plant extracts with potential insecticidal to Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).
| 21 | Toxicity of Thiacloprid and Fenvalerate on the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae, and biosafety against its parasitoid, Lysiphlebus fabarum
A. Purhematy*a,b, K. Ahmadia , M. Moshrefia,b
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.6.2.207-210
Journal of Biopesticide., 2013; 6(2) : 207-210
VIEW ABSTRACT | DOWNLOAD | 0 VIEWS | 0 DOWNLOADS | COUNTRY : IRAN |
Considering the undeniable need to use synthetic pesticides in agriculture, there are new steps to find new pesticides and new ways to manage them to act safer to human and the environment. In this study, the toxicity of thiacloprid and fenvalerate were tested under field conditions at recommended field rates on the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae Scopoli (Hemiptera: Aphididae), and also evaluated
biosafety against its parasitoid, Lysiphlebus fabarum. This aphid is one of the most polyphagous sap-sucking pests that make primary and secondary damages to more than 200 leguminous host plants. While L. fabarum plays an important role in the control of A. fabae (3-79% parasitism in different conditions), insecticides must be used in special conditions to reduce their adverse effects.The Black bean aphids were sprayed with the insecticides or water after adaptation on the Vicia faba leaves. Thiacloprid and fenvalerate caused 89.21±3.6% and 81.14±4.2% mortality against aphids, respectively. The insecticides were also applied to the immature stages of parasitoid which were exposed to the materials by briefly dipping mummified aphids into insecticide emulsion or water (control). 34.65±1.91%, 11.64±1.38% and 38.79±1.84% of adults emerged after exposure to thiacloprid, fenvalerate and control, respectively. Results demonstrate that both insecticides have significant mortality effects on A. fabae, while thiacloprid does not significantly reduce the adult emergence of L. fabarum. Based on these results, thiacloprid could be used and classified as a slightly dangerous insecticide to L. fabarum in immature stages, but mortal to A. fabae.
| 22 | Preliminary chemical analysis of extracts from Encosternum delegorguei using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy
C. J. Zvidzai 1* , C. Chidewe 2 and R. Musundire1
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.6.2.211-218
Journal of Biopesticide., 2013; 6(2) : 211-218
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The methanol extract of Encosternum delegorguei was quantitively analyzed through GCMS which had plasma-ionization detector (PID), quartz capillary column ZВ-5 (polydimethylsyloxane, 5 % of phenyl groups), identified and produced the following 18 compounds which were C2-C13 aliphatic hydrocarbons, aldehydes, furanones, aromatic, oxo-alkenals, esters, ketones, lactones and ethers. The
compounds were identified as 2-hexenal, 1-methylbutyl formate, 3-methyl-3-heptanol, octenal, 2,4- dimethyl-3-heptanol, 1,1-diethoxy butane, tridecane, 6-trideceny-4-ne, 4,6-nonadien-8-yn-3-ol, 4,5- dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-cyclohecyl, 3-heptanol, 2-hexenal diethyl acetal, 3-ethoxy pentane, 1,1- dimethoxy heptanes, 2-heptanol acetate, 2-methyl-4-pentanal, 5-ethyl-2-furanone and 2-butoxy pentane. FTIR spectra of the chitin sample from E. delegorguei indicated their good defatting with alcohol and deacetylation process. According to the spectra obtained, yield of chitin is low because of poor acetone treatment. The characteristic absorption bands at 1560, 1655 cm-1 and in the vicinity of 3265 and 3100 cm-1 corresponding to the stretching vibration C=O and NH (-NHCOCH3) were of low intensity, and C-H stretching vibrations at 2926 and 2864 cm-1 showed a high intensity. The elemental analysis produced the following percentages of chitin elemental constituents of carbon 46.11 + 0.055; hydrogen 6.63 + 0.002; nitrogen 7.06 + 0.077; with a C/N = (46.11/12 )/(7.06/14) =7.62. Currently we are determining the chemical compounds using standards to elucidate, evaluate the qualitative constituents and in near future the plant can be utilized for pest management.
| 23 | Bioprotectant with multifunctional microorganisms: A new dimension in plant protection
Lalithakumari Janarthanam
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.6.2.219-230
Journal of Biopesticide., 2013; 6(2) : 219-230
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In the present investigations it is proved that the inoculation of multifunctional microbial formulation to the soil improves soil quality, soil health, plant health, growth, yield, and quality of a broad spectrum of crops reducing chemical fertilizer and pesticide input. These microbial populations consist of selected species including plant growth promoting rhizo-bacteria, N2-fixing bacteria,
Phosphate solubilizers, phytohormone producers, plant disease suppressive bacteria and fungi. To make it very simple a different dimension as „Bio Protectant” is given in this presentation to the collective synergistic effects of beneficial microbes stimulating soil, plant and environmental health reducing chemical fertilizer and pesticide application. A healthy plant does not require unwanted,
poisonous chemical pesticides. Review of literature is focused in multiple ways on the growth promoting ability along with the biological activity of beneficial microorganisms. The present SumaGrow-F2 formulation contains multi-functional Rhizobium species, Pseudomonas spp., Bacillus, and Trichoderma spp. The recorded novel benefits of SumaGrow-F2 formulation in the Green House and Field are discussed here as microbes increasing plant health, soil health, and root health of a broad spectrum of crops. Not only can it eliminate almost all insect infestations and reduce fungal or bacterial infection, it also creates a healthier environment for plant growth. The result is healthy crops with a corresponding increase in the yield of fruits or vegetables or grains. Modern trend is to look for inspiring intelligent multi-functional microbial Plant protectant or bio protectant for sustainable agriculture.
| 24 | Antifungal activity of plant extracts against by Alternaria helianthi
P. Ahila Devi, S.Mohan and G.Thiribhuvanamala
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.6.2.231-236
Journal of Biopesticide., 2013; 6(2) : 231-236
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Twenty plant leaf extracts viz., Acalypha indica, Azardiracta indica, Alternanthera sessilis, Aloe vera ,Vitex negundo, Wedelia calendulaceae, Centella asiatica, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Giliricidia maculate, Nila nirgundi, Leucas aspera, Lantana camera, Solanum trilobatum, Tephrosia purpurea, Hibiscus canabinus, Cissus quadrangularis, Mentha arvensis Polyanthes tuberose, Polygala elata and Solanum xanthocarpurm were tested against the growth of a sunflower leaf blight causing pathogen Alternaria helianthi by poisoned food technique under in vitro conditions. Among them, leaf extracts of Acalypha indica at 10 per cent concentration inhibited the mycelial growth, sporulation and spore germination to about 78.38 per cent, 85.90 per cent and 52.48 per cent respectively. The A. indica leaf extract was very effective against A. helianthi and can be used to manage this fungus under field condition.