| 1 | Antifungal activity profile of Piper longum fruit extract against plant pathogenic fungi
Ounchokdee, U., Rueangrit, S. and Dethoup, T.*
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.9.2.97-103
Journal of Biopesticide., 2016; 9(2) : 97-103
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A series of five-step experiments was conducted to construct the antifungal activity profile of P. longum extracts against plant pathogenic fungi in vitro. The ethanol crude extract exhibited potent activity against all tested fungi using disc diffusion method. The crude extract was then partially fractionated in order by column chromatography using six organic solvents, and evaluated for their antifungal activity. The results revealed that the fractions eluted with diethyl ether (DE) and ethyl acetate (EtOAc) exhibited potent antifungal activity against tested plant pathogens including Colletotrichum capsici, C. gloeosporioides and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense. This crude extract was also further fractionated with fifty-one mixed solvents with a gradient system, which were also evaluated for their antifungal activity. The fractions
obtained from eluting with the combination of DE: EtOAc and petroleum ether (PE): chloroform (CHCl3) showed zone of inhibition towards tested plant pathogenic fungi ranged from 0.65 to 2.00 mm. The results suggested that the active compounds contained in DE and EtOAc fractions as well as micro-fractions from eluting with the mixture of PE: CHCl3 (F5- F8) and DE: EtOAc (F22-F30). The TLC chromatograms and antifungal activity of the macro- and micro-fractions were analyzed for construction the antifungal activity profile of P. longum.
| 2 | Cellular abnormalities induced by Trichoderma spp. during in vitro interaction and control of white muscardine (Beauveria
bassiana) and green muscardine (Metarhizium anisopliae) disease of silkworm Bombyx mori
Banerjee, S., Pal, S., Mukherjee, S., Podder, D., Mukherjee, A., Nandi, A., Debnath, P., Sur,
P. K. and Ghosh, S. K.
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.9.2.104-112
Journal of Biopesticide., 2016; 9(2) : 104-112
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The silkworm is the larva of the domesticated silk moth, Bombyx mori. It is an economically important insect, being a primary producer of silk in sericulture industry. Among the silkworm diseases, white muscardine and green muscardine caused by Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae respectively possess a major threat to silk cocoon production. White muscardine is more common during rainy and winter seasons whereas green muscardine has its profound effect during hot and humid spells. Both these fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae can be used as biopesticides to control a number of pests such as termites, whiteflies, and many other insects from larvae to adult stages. In this paper in vitro biological control of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae and cellular abnormalities induced by the application of two strains
(T12 and T13) of Trichoderma viride, Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma spp. were studied, where T. viride T 12 (80.52%) provides maximum in vitro control of B. bassiana followed by T. harzianum (71.88%), Trichoderma spp. (68.16%) and T. viride
T13 (62.89%). Against M. anisopliae, T. harzianum provides maximum in vitro control (68.02%), followed by T. viride T13 (64.68%), T. viride T12 (59.47%) and Trichoderma sp. (57.98%). During the interaction of pathogens and biocontrol agents hyphal coiling, granulation, distortion, vacuolation and bulging were recorded.
| 3 | Field evaluation of promising biorational pesticides against brinjal shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee
Islam, T., Das, G. and Mahir Uddin, M.
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.9.2.113-118
Journal of Biopesticide., 2016; 9(2) : 113-118
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In the present study, efficacy of three bacterial fermented biopestcides viz., spinosad, emamectin bennzoate and abamectin and one insect growth regulator, buprofezin were evaluated against the infestation of brinjal shoot and fruit borer(BSFB), Leucinodes orbonalis (Guen) during January to July 2015. Biopesticides were applied either individually or in some selected combinations viz., buprofezin + emamectin benzoate, buprofezin + abamectin, buprofezin + spinosad and datawere collected on different parameters such as percent shoot infestation, percent fruit infestation and marketable fruit yield. It was found that all the treatments significantly reduced percent shoot (15.66-63.99% reduction) and fruit infestation (17.27-70.75% reduction) and increased marketable fruit yield over control (12.87-84.33% increase). The best result was found in case of combined treatment buprofezin + emamectin benzoate treated plots (70.75% shoot and 63.99% fruitprotection; highest marketable fruit yield of 9.94 t/ha) whereas the least protection was obtained from buprofezin (1 mL/L) treated plots (17.27% shoot and 15.66% fruit protection; lowest marketable fruit yield of 6.05 t/ha). The present studyrevealed that the selected biorational pesticides could be used both singly and in combination for the successful management of L. orbonalis.
| 4 | In vitro antifungal activity of soil fungi crude extracts isolated from riparian forest against plant pathogenic fungi
Jantasorn, A., Mongon, J., Moungsrimuangdee, B. and Oiuphisittraiwat, T.
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.9.2.119-124
Journal of Biopesticide., 2016; 9(2) : 119-124
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Fungal diseases affecting plants are one of the most destructive diseases and cause significant losses in many economic crops in Thailand and worldwide. The most common plant pathogenic fungi which cause severe diseases to economic crops in
Thailand are Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Sclerotium rolfsii, Phytophthora palmivora, Colletotrichum capsici, Pyricularia grisea, Alternaria sp., Helminthosporium maydis, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Control of these pathogens is carries out through the use of synthetic fungicides which are harmful to environment. This study aims to at investigating the efficacy of the ethyl acetate crude extracts of the cultures Talaromyces flavus Bodhi003, NeosartoryafischeriBodhi004 and Eurotium sp. Bodhi005 isolated from riparian forest soils to inhibit the mycelial growth of ten plant pathogenic fungi in in vitro conditions at various concentrations. At the highest concentrations (10,000 ppm), all crude extracts exhibited a complete mycelial growth inhibition of some plant pathogenic fungi when compared with the water control. Interestingly, Eurotium sp. Bodhi005 crude extract was recorded as having excellent inhibitory activity against S. rolfsii at 1,000 ppm concentration. Results from this study demonstrate that ethyl acetate crude extracts from T. flavus Bodhi003,N. fischeriBodhi004, and Eurotium sp. Bodhi005 could be used to control the mycelial growth of plant pathogenic fungi and allow researcher to identify new potential sources for the development of alternative biofungicide to reduce plant pathogenic fungi.
| 5 | Impact of phytoecdysone fractions of the ferns Cyclosorous interruptus, Christella dentata and Nephrolepis cordifolia on the biology of Spodoptera litura (Fab.)
Xavier, G.S.A., Selvaraj, P. and Nida John
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.9.2.125-134
Journal of Biopesticide., 2016; 9(2) : 125-134
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The preliminary phytochemical analysis of ferns viz., Cyclosorus interruptus (Willd.) H.Itô (Theylepteridaceae), Christella dentata (Willd.) (Forssk.) Brownsey et Jermy (Theylepteridaceae), and Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) Presl revealed the presence of the secondary metabolites like alkaloids, steroids, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, phenolic compounds and terpenoids in crude extract. The characteristic colour change and the UV- Vis spectrum obtained for the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) formulation of the experimental ferns confirmed the synthesis of nanoparticles (433.50nm, 450.00nm and 444.00 nm for C. interruptus, C. dentata and N. cordifolia, respectively). The pesticidal property of the crude extracts and ferns-AgNP (Fe-AgNP) were evaluated in the laboratory on Spodoptera litura (Fab.)(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) third instar larvae. The crude extract and Fe-AgNP formulations exerted their influence on the developmental period, pupation rate, pupal weight and adult emergence which were reduced significantly. They also caused larval, pupal and adult deformities that confirm the insecticidal activity of the plant.
| 6 | Toxicological and physiological effects of essential oils against Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera:Tenebrionidae) and
Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)
Tarigan, S. I., Dadang and Sakti Harahap, I.
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.9.2.135-147
Journal of Biopesticide., 2016; 9(2) : 135-147
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The aim of this study was to investigate the toxicity and physiological effect of cardamom, cinnamon and nutmeg oils against egg, larva, and adult of Tribolium castaneum Herbst and Callosobruchus maculatus F. Further biochemical tests were
conducted to assess the impact of essential oils on total carbohydrate, protein, fat contents and also assess the enzymes esterase and glutathione s-transferase activity. The mortality results indicated that cinnamon oil has the highest efficacy against egg, larva, and adult of C. maculatus with an LC50 of 0.01%, 0.132%, and 0.186%, respectively compared with T. castaneum, which recorded 1.051%, 0.109%, and 1.239% respectively. Furthermore, all essential oils reduce the total carbohydrate, protein, and fat contents, and cinnamon oil demonstrated to be the most effective among the three
essential oils. On the same note, cinnamon oil had a greater impact of inhibiting esterase and glutathione s-transferase activity compared to nutmeg and cardamom oils. Thus, from the results, all the tested essential oils produced a significant range of biological effect on T. castaneum and C. maculatus. However, cinnamon oil was the most effective making it suitable botanical extract to develop fumigant to control and manage T. castaneum and C. maculatus with less environmental hazards.
| 7 | Occurrence of entomopathogenic nematode (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae, Steinernematidae) in white grub infested areas of Majuli, Assam, India
Devi, G., Mishra, H., Bhattacharyya, B. and Nath, D.J.
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.9.2.148-156
Journal of Biopesticide., 2016; 9(2) : 148-156
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Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) in the genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis and their associated bacteria such as Xenorhabdus spp. and Photorhabdus spp. are lethal parasites of soil dwelling insects. A survey was conducted to collect theentomopathogenic nematodes from Lepidiota mansueta endemic field of Majuli river island, Assam, India. During the survey, a total of 140 soil samples (1 kg each) and 80 dead grubs of L. mansueta were collected from different locations from cultivated as well as uncultivated fields of Majuli. Out of the total collection, 8 numbers of soil samples and 35 grubs were positive for entomopathogenic nematodes with 5.7 and 43.7 per cent respectively. Soil samples recorded 2.1 and 3.5 per cent Heterorhabditis and Steinernema isolates whereas the grubs registered 15 and 28.7 per cent of Heterorhabditis andSteinernema isolates respectively. Based on morphometric and cross-breeding studies, the Heterorhabditis isolates were identified as H. bacteriophora and this species was recovered from diverse habitats with different soil characteristics. Being a river island, the soil of Majuli may be the reservoir of many more species of EPNs which needs further study.
| 8 | Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. : A highly useful Indian traditional plant for the management of maize storage pest, Sitophilus oryzae L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Mallavadhani, U.V., Rajendra Prasad, B., Lakshmi Soujanya, P., Babu Rao, M. and Ratanlal, M.
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.9.2.157-166
Journal of Biopesticide., 2016; 9(2) : 157-166
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Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. is an important Indian traditional plant possessing wide range of biological activities. The present study is aimed to determine the repellent and contact toxicity of methanolic extracts of gel, root and leaf peel parts of fifteen A. vera accessions collected from 15 locations in India against maize storage pest, Sitophilus oryzae(L.).
Petri dish choice bioassay and filter paper impregnation methods were used to determine repellent and contact toxicity respectively. Analysis of the results reveals that aloin A, the major metabolite of A. vera, at 0.02% w/v concentration possessed strong repellent activity (85.2 %) than sample AV 11a (gel of A. vera) at 5% w/v (82.7%) after 24-h of exposure. Interestingly, the percent repellency increases up to 5-h in all extracts screened. Aloin A at 0.0024 mg/cm2 showed 58.0% mortality against S. oryzae followed by sample AV 13b (leaf peel) at 0.6 mg/cm2 (56.0%) after 14 days of treatment. The content of Aloin A present in the six A. vera extracts, exhibiting highest toxicity and repellency, was determined by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography. The percent repellency and toxicity of A. vera vary with geographical location, plant parts, major metabolite concentration and exposure time. The potentiality of these plant extracts could be useful towards the development of effective bio repellent to S. oryzae in stored maize.
| 9 | Phytofabrication of silver nanoparticles using the mangrove associate, Hibiscus tiliaceus plant and its biological activity
against certain insect and microbial pests
Usha Rani, P., Prasanna Laxmi, K., Vadlapudi, V. and Sreedhar, B.
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.9.2.167-179
Journal of Biopesticide., 2016; 9(2) : 167-179
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Plants have a rich source of phytochemicals which can produce very stable and active nanoparticles. We report an economic and ecofriendly phytofabrication of nanoparticles using mangrove associate Hibiscus tiliaceus leaf extract for the first time. The synthesized NPs were characterized using different analytical methods. Further these bioinspired sliver nanoparticles (AgNP) were evaluated for insecticidal activities against two major agricultural pests, Tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura F., the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera H., three major stored product pests, flour beetle,
Tribolium castaneum H., lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica F. and rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae L. and also antibacterial activity against phytopathogens Xanthomonas campestris var campestris and Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith). For understanding the differences between the biological activity of biosynthesized and chemically synthesized nanoparticles comparisons between the toxicities and antifeedant activities were made. Transmission Electron Microscopic (TEM) studies showed spherical shaped nanoparticles in a size range of 20-65 nm (average mean size 40), while X-ray diffraction pattern revealed face centered cubic (fcc) structure when H. tiliaceus leaf was used for bioreduction. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) was carried out to identify the proteins that bound specifically on the Ag surface, which increased the stability of the particles. H. tiliaceus mediated AgNPs showed excellent antifeedant activity against S. litura, H. armigera, but were less toxic to all the stored product pests tested, but comparatively higher than the chemically synthesized AgNPs. The green AgNPs exhibited potent antibacterial activity with varying degrees against X. campestris
and R. solanacearum as evidenced by their zone of inhibition at all concentrations.
| 10 | Diplodia mutila as a new pathogen on water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes in Harike wetland
Singh, B., Saxena, S., Meshram, V. and Kumar, M.
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.9.2.180-188
Journal of Biopesticide., 2016; 9(2) : 180-188
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The present publication reports the mycobiota associated with Eichhornia crassipes (C Mart.) Solms (Pontederiaceae) infesting the Harike Wetland at Punjab in India and their potential application as a biological control agent based on their pathogenicity to the host plant. Of the 30 fungal isolates recovered from the infested samples of E. crassipes only one isolate #19BJSS caused 98% damage or infestation to the leaves during the in vitro leaf bioassay while it exhibited 100% plant death during the whole plant bioassay after 168 hours post inoculation (hpi). Morphological studies revealed
it to be a member of Botryosphaeriaceae family which was further confirmed by Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS) phylogenetic studies wherein the isolate #19BJSS clustered with Diplodia mutila. Botryosphaeria species have been predominantly associated with canker and die back diseases of woody plants. This is the first report of occurrence of Diplodia mutila #19BJSS as a pathogen of E. crassipes and for its potential as a biological control agent for the management of water hyacinth.
| 11 | Histopathological studies of selected organs of Oreochromis mossambicus exposed to biopesticide achook – short term and
long term toxicity
Kauser, S. H., Tasneem, S. and Yasmeen, R.
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.9.2.189-195
Journal of Biopesticide., 2016; 9(2) : 189-195
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The present study is aimed at evaluating the pathological changes in various tissues of Oreochromis mossambicus exposed to the neem based pesticide achook. The LC50 value obtained after 96 hrs was 0.105 ppm and 1/5th of LC50 value i.e., 0.021 ppm was taken as sublethal concentration. The fishes were exposed to this sublethal concentration for a period of 42-days. Fishes were dissected at the end of 7th day and 42nd day of exposure and the gill, liver and intestine were collected from exposed fishes and control group. Tissues were processed and sectioned at 4µm and stained with Haematoxylin-Eosin. The histological changes observed were mild on 7th day but became severe by 42nd day. The pathological changes in gills of exposed fishes include shrunken and fused gill lamellae, inflammatory cells in the primary and secondary gill lamellae. Exposed liver showed lesions consisting of vacuolar degeneration and disruption of hepatocytes. The changes found in intestine were vacuolar degeneration and disruption of epithelial cells of villi, ruptured and shapeless villi. The histology of tissues from control fishes were normal.
| 12 | Colonization Capability of Trichoderma viride (T1sk) on several banana cultivar roots and its effect against development of
Fusarium Wilt disease and plant growth
Nurbailis, Martinius, Adriansyah, H.
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.9.2.196-203
Journal of Biopesticide., 2016; 9(2) : 196-203
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Fusarium wilt desease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubence (Foc) one the important desease on banana around the world. The purpose of this research was to recognize surface and endophytic colonization capability of Trichoderma viride (T1sk) on several banana cultivar roots and its effect against Fusarium wilt disease and increasing banana seedling growth. The experiment was divided into 2 parts that were colonization effect against Fusarium wilt disease development and colonization capability of T. viride (T1sk) on roots of several banana cultivars. The parameters observed were: 1) surface and endophytic colonization capability of T. viride (T1sk) on various banana seedling roots, 2) incubation period, 3) percentage of symptomatic leaves, 4) increase of leaves amount, 5) increase of plant height, 6) Stem circle and 7)dry weight of banana seedling biomass. The result showed that highest surface colonization capability of T. viride (T1sk) found in Barangan and Kepok cultivars and endophyte colonization found in Kepok cultivar. The surface colonization capability of T viride (T1sk) on the roots of Barangan and kepok reached 93, 33% and the ability of being endophyte 43, 33% and 38, 33% could reduce Fusarium wilt disease on banana seedling and increase seedling growth.
| 13 | Bioefficacy of neem kernel aqueous extract (NKAE) against tea red spider mite, Oligonychus coffeae, Nietner and its effect on Stethorus gilvifrons Mulsant, a potential predator of red spider mite
Mridul Sarmah
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.9.2.204-210
Journal of Biopesticide., 2016; 9(2) : 204-210
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Neem kernel aqueous extract (NKAE) was evaluated at different concentrations (1-10%) against red spider mite, Oligonychus coffeae under laboratory and field conditions. Also the impact of NKAE on survival of Stethorus gilvifrons, a potential
predator of red spider mite was studied. Parameters assessed were ovicidal and acaricidal activities, adult emergence, oviposition deterrent in case of red spider mite and larval & adult mortality and adult emergence for the predator. Significant ovicidal activity was exhibited at higher concentrations (6-10%). Nymphs were more susceptible to NKAE than adults. Higher concentrations (6-10%) showed 53-95% mortality of mite population under laboratory conditions. LC50 values of NKAE for nymph and adult red spider mite were found to be 47.73 mg/ml and 66.02mg/ml respectively after 24h of treatment. Field evaluation however exhibited 43-69% reduction of mite population at 6-10% concentrations. Egg laying by tea red spider mite on the NKAE treated tea leaf surface was significantly decreased (1.16-1.50 eggs/female/day) than control (3.83 eggs/female/day). Significant reduction in adult emergence (20.0-56.7%) and increased duration of total developmental period (1.00-4.33 days) were noticed at higher concentrations (4-10%) only. However, the application of NKAE on different life stages of S. gilvifrons showed no adverse effect in respect of their growth and development.
| 14 | Field evaluation of Metarhizium anisopliae liquid formulation (BioMagic®) against brown plant hopper, Nilaparvata lugens Stal on rice
C. Chinniah*, A. Ravikumar, M. Kalyanasundaram and P. Parthiban
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.9.2.211-219
Journal of Biopesticide., 2016; 9(2) : 211-219
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Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the bio-efficacy of Metarhizium anisopliae– based liquid formulations (Bio-Magic®1.50%) against Brown Plant Hopper (BPH), Nilaparvatha lugens Stal (Homoptera: Delphacidae) at the farmers’ holdings of Theni district during Summer 2015 and kharif 2015. Bio-Magic was tested at three doses of 1500 mL, 2000 mL and 4000 mL ha-1 against BPH. The results revealed that Biomagic @
4000 mL ha-1 (84.08 and 83.21 per cent) and 2000 mL ha-1 (82.76 and 81.62 %) statistically on par in terms of efficacy in suppressing the population of BPH after two rounds of application during both the seasons with increase in grain yield of 89.58 and 88.60 per cent over untreated check. The lower dose of Biomagic® 1.5 LF @ 1500 mL ha1 ranked second in the order of efficacy, however it was better than the standard check
(Quinolphos 25 EC @ 1500 mL ha-1). All the three doses of Biomagic® tested were safer to the natural enemies and were on par with untreated check without any phytotoxicity effect.
| 15 | Control of oriental fruit moth Cydia molesta and peach twig borer Anarsia lineatella by using pheromone dispensers in Bulgaria
Hristina Kutinkova1, Stefan Gandev1, Vasiliy Dzhuvinov1, Bill Lingren2
https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.9.2.220-227
Journal of Biopesticide., 2016; 9(2) : 220-227
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Oriental fruit moth (OFM), Cydia molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and peach twig borer (PTB) Anarsia lineatella (Zell) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) are economically important pests of peach, nectarine and apricot in Bulgaria. Their larvae cause damage, infesting shoots and fruits. Investigations were carried out in two fruit-bearing commercial peach orchards in South-East Bulgaria in the Sliven district during the period 2014 -2016. The aim of this study was to test the effectiveness of mating disruption (MD) in control of pests in peach orchards, using CIDETRAK® OFM (Oriental Fruit Moth)/ PTB (peach twig borer) and CIDETRAK® OFM/PTB MESO dispensers. The damage to shoots was evaluated during the first generation of OFM and PTB on 20 trees, randomly selected within the central area of each block. Correspondingly, fruit damage was recorded on 100 fruits per each selected tree; so, 2000 fruits were inspected for damage from both pests in each block. The rate of damaged fruits in the trial plots were compared with that in the reference orchard, located in the vicinity, treated with conventional pesticides. CIDETRAK® OFM/PTB (@400 dispensers/ha) and CIDETRAK® OFM/PTB MESO (@80 and 20 dispensers/ha) completely inhibited C. molesta in the pheromone traps installed in the trial plots, indicating a high level of disruption. The percentage of shoots infested by OFM and PTB larvae was 0% in the MD plots, and the damage rate to fruits was rather low (>1%). The present results do confirm that mating disruption, using CIDETRAK® OFM/PTB and CIDETRAK® OFM/PTB MESO dispensers, can provide a
more effective control of both important pests on peach - oriental fruit moth and peach twig borer. The use rate of CIDETRAK® OFM/PTB and CIDETRAK® OFM/PTB MESO dispensers shows that the reduced rate of dispensers does not affect the effectiveness of mating disruption and will help the growers to decrease labour in the field. Applications of these dispensers can provide effective control of oriental fruit moth and peach twig
borer, than the conventional protection programmes employed in Bulgaria. This approach to controlling oriental fruit moth and peach twig borer is in line with the recent EU recommendations that emphasize the preservation of the natural environment and production of healthy fruits, with no pesticide residues.