The essential oils of Anethum graveolens L. and Allium sativum L. were investigated for the biological activities against Tetranychus urticae Koch and Tetranychus truncatus Ehara. The results indicated that A. sativum oil at 20% (v/v) had high contact toxicity (73.50% mortality) on adult females of T. truncatus. The LC50 value was 12.71% for 24 h after treatment. Eggs of both spider mites were also susceptible to 5-20% and 20% concentrations of A. sativum and A. graveolens oil, respectively. Allium sativum oil caused 97-100 and 84% mortality against T. truncatus and T. urticae eggs with LC50 values of 1.62 and 11.58% at 7 d after exposure, respectively. In repellency test, A. graveolens oil at 5-20% concentrations showed a high percentage of repellency on T. truncatus (62-96%) and T. urticae (98-100%) during 1-5 h after treatment. On the other hand, 5-20% and 15-20% concentrations of A. sativum oil appeared high percentage of repellency on T. truncatus (98-100%) and T. urticae (86-100%) during 1-5 h after treatment, respectively. In a fumigant toxicity test, A. sativum and A. graveolens oils were toxic to both spider mites. Allium sativum oil (LC50 = 4.94 µL/L in air) and A. graveolens oil (LC50 = 13.67 µL/L in air) were toxic to adult females of T. urticae whereas T. truncatus adult females were responsible to A. graveolens oil (LC50 = 5.24 µL/L in air) and A. sativum oil (LC50 = 5 µL/L in air). The results suggested that essential oils of A. sativum had potential for ovicidal activity on T. truncatus and T. urticae and acaricidal activity on T. truncatus. Both oils showed repellent activity against both spider mites. Oils of A. sativum and A. graveolens were toxic in fumigant effect on both spider mites. Their biological activities could be useful in promoting of integrated mite management.

Sugar beet contains about 15-20% sugar is considered a very important economic crop which produces the sugar in all worlds and also in Egypt. The sugar beet fly, Pegomya mixta Vill. belongs to (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), causing a damage to sugar beet crop plantations causing a blotch or "blister". Metarhizium anisopliae is entomopathogenic fungus produce toxin called Destruxin (DEX). This toxin could to paralysis the insects, also cause pests death. Destruxin 760and Destruxin A-724 examined in the laboratory by six concentrations. the lethal concentration LC50 was 76 and 141 ppm when sugar beet fly, P. mixta was treated by Destruxin- 760and Destruxin A-724, respectively. After the Destruxin A-760 and Destruxin A-724 applied on P. mixta, the number of eggs was significantly decreased by 29.8 and 1.1% fold. Destruxin-724 caused higher malformations to sugar beet fly, P. mixta the toxin Destruxin-760 caused a reduced of the target insects. Under field conditions, sugar beet weight recorded 2497±93.19 and 2799±58.98 kg/ 4200 m2 in plots treated with Destruxin 760 during seasons 2018 and 2019 respectively. Also the sugar beet weight increased after Destruxin -724 increased to 2415± 53.66 and 2625±68.91 Kg/fed. during seasons 2018 and 2019 , respectively as compared to 1680±65.43,1680±65.43 and 1120±85.09, 1120±85.09 kg/ feddan among the plots treated with water during the two successive season (2018 & 2019), respectively. use of M. anisopliae isolated toxin of Destruxin A-760, Destruxin - A-724 effect on the sugar beet fly, P. mixta larvae, pupae and adults in the laboratory. They also tested in the field and results obtained reduced the P. mixta numbers in the field.

The effect of ethyl acetate extract of bitter apple, Citrullus colocynthis fruit was studied against S. litura using poison food bioassay experiments. Extraction of toxic compounds from the fruits of C. colocynthis with Soxhlet and purification of extracts with column chromatography were done. In this study, there were seven treatments – five elutions, control and absolute control replicated thrice. The results showed that among the five elutions, ethyl acetate elution 3 had registered 80.00 and 83.33 per cent adult malformation, followed by ethyl acetate elution 1, 2 and 4 compared to control and absolute control in preliminary and confirmation screenings, respectively. The determination of promising dose exhibited that, ethyl acetate elution 3 exhibited the LC50value of 29.62 per cent concentration. In ethyl acetate elutions, it was found that among the elutions, the lowest mean faecal and pupal weight were registered in ethyl acetate elution 3 compared to control and absolute control. Similar trend of results were also observed in confirmation and dose determination experiments.

Simarouba glauca DC seeds were collected and oil was extracted by using n-Hexane solvent in soxhlet apparatus. Phytochemical screening of n-Hexane extract of S. glauca seed oil showed the presence of cardiac glycosides, saponin and steroids. Physicochemical analysis showed that density of oil was 0.441 g/cc, free fatty acid value was 1.6 mg KOH/g, iodine value was 27.74 g/100g oil, peroxide value was 1.14 meq/kg oil, acid value was 3.21, saponification value was 208 mg KOH/g and unsaponifiable matter was 3%. Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry analysis revealed that the presence of oleic acid, steric acid, palmitic acid, and linoleic acid as major fatty acids with the area percentage of 44.6%, 24.03%, 15.44% and 0.232% respectively. Further laboratory experiment was setup to evaluate S. glauca seed oil against Ailanthus and Teak defoliators viz., Eligma narcissus Cramer (Lepidoptera: Nolidae) and Hyblaea puera Cramer (Lepidoptera: Hyblaeidae). Spraying of S. glauca seed oil had resulted in 100% larval mortality in both E. narcissus and H. puera. The larval mortality was due to the insecticidal property of oil through hydrolytic dissociation and excess loss of water. Simarouba glauca seed oil acts as a contact poison and it could be used as a biopesticide to control the E. narcissus and H. puera in the early developmental stages.

Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) is one species of entomopathogenic fungi that can live endophytically by colonizing plant tissues. Colonization of fungi in plant tissue can heavily influence pest attacks. This study aimed to study the endophytic ability of B. bassiana isolates in chili and its effect on Myzus persicae population. Three isolates of B. bassiana fungus (TD312, APKo and PD114) were applied through seed immersion for 6 hrs with a concentration of 108 conidia / mL. Observed parameters included seed germination, seedling growth, colonization ability of this fungi in the roots, stems and leaves of chili and Myzus persicae population. The results showed that all B. bassiana isolates were found effective to enhance the germination percentage of chili seeds. This fungi colonized all parts of the plant with the rate of fungal colonization higher in the leaves compared to the stem and roots. B. bassiana TD312 isolate proved to be the best isolate in suppressing the development of Myzus persicae population.

Ethanolic extracts of leaves of Chromolaena odorata, Emilia sonchifolia and Tridax procumbens were evaluated for their bioactivity potentials on Cochliobolus lunatus under in-vitro condtions. To determine their bioactivity, food poisoning technique using Potato Dextrose Agar medium at concentrations of 0 to 80 mg/ml was used. Tested plant extracts significantly (P<0.05) suppressed the mycelia growth of C. lunatus with minimum inhibitory concentration of extracts as: T. procumbent (64mg/mL), E. sonchifolia (72mg/mL) and C. odonata (80mg/mL). Among the plants tested, the lowest and highest extract concentrations from leaves of T. procumbens were superior to the other extracts in its inhibitory activity. The extracts were also tested for the presence of various phytochemicals reveals the presence of alkaloids, anthraquinones, flavonoids and steroids.Totally, 8 compounds among which are Caryophyllene oxide (22.16%), Ethyl isoallocholate (20.36%), Estra-1, 3, 5(10)-trien 17, beta-ol (15.03%) and Naphthalene, decahydro-4a-methyl-1- (11.18%) were identified in C. odorata; 9 compounds among which are Phytol (27.41%), Squalene (18.68%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (17.30%) and 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid (Z,Z,Z)- (15.55%) were identified in E. sonchifolia and 13 compound which include Phytol (22.87%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (15.25%), Cyclohexene,1-methyl -4- (1-methylethyl)- (14.34%) and 1,5,9,-Decatriene, 2,3,5,8-tetramethyl (10.37%) identified from T. procumbens through Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry analysis of extracts. Phytol was the most abundant constituent in both E. sonchifolia (27.41%) and T. procumbens (22.87%) with Canyophyllene oxide (22.16%) in C. odorata. The portrayed potentials of these extracts indicated that they could be excellent candidates to be harnessed in the biosafety formulation of biopesticides for the control of plant diseases incited by Cochliobolus lunatus.

Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata is one of the most serious pests of brinjal crop. A predatory stink bug, Eocanthecona furcellata were identified in the field and evaluated against different immature stages of the pest population under laboratory condition. The predatory potential of thenymphs was tested which revealed that among all the life stages, the E. furcellatanymphs prefer the larval stage followed by pupal and egg stages. In addition, the life cycle duration of the nymphs reared on four different larval stages ofH.vigintioctopunctata showed that, predation rate occurs based on the prey size. The nymphs that were fed with third and fourth instars had lowest predation rate but showed similar developmental duration as in control than first and second instars. A significant difference has also been observed between all the treatments (p≤0.05). Moreover, a nymph can feed on an average of 127.33 first instars during its nymphal period. From this study, we conclude that E. furcellata had high predatory potential against the pest, H. vigintioctopunctata to be mass reared and utilized as a bio control agent.

The black inch looper, Hyposidra talaca is considered as a major pest in tea in northern part of West Bengal and North East India. Among the natural enemy reported, Cotesia ruficrus is considered as one of the most gregarious endo-parasitoid wasps. In order to assess the potential of this natural enemy, a study on the biological parameters of C. ruficrus was evaluated on the different developmental stages (second, third and fourth instars) of the host larvae, H. talaca. The results indicated that, the mean duration of larval development was 12.0 ± 0.32, 11.0 ± 0.45 and 9.2±0.37 days in second, third and fourth instar host larvae respectively. The pupal period of C. ruficrus was found to be significantly different among the different larval stages of H. talaca. The successful parasitism of C. ruficrus and the number of cocoon formation of the parasitic wasp was reliant on the stage, body size and the physiological conditions of host larvae that it parasitizes. A maximum of 65.2±1.85 cocoons were formed when the fourth instar host larvae parasitized, followed by 27.2±3.04 in the third instar and 4.6±0.68 in the second instar host larvae. The number of females and males hatched out from each clutch was compared to the different host stages. .

Biofilm based antagonists were evaluated for growth promotion and soil borne disease The bioefficacy of the Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) Cry proteins in filed condition can be improved by developing formulation. In the presence study, we have developed and evaluated native Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) isolate for the pathogenic activity against major lepidopteran pests viz., Helicoverpa armigera, Spodoptera litura and Plutella xylostella. The bioassay of the Bacillus thuringiensis crystal spore mixture against H. armigera registered 36.67 to 96.67 per cent mortality at 120 h after feeding. Reference strain HD1 showed highest mortality of 100 per cent. Lyophilized native B. thuringiensis (BGC-1) and B. thuringiensis (HD-1) were tested against H. armigera, recorded mortality ranging from 16.67 to 96.67 per cent. The LC50 value of B. thuringiensis (BGC-1) and B. thuringiensis (HD-1) were 6.08 and 9.18 ng/ml respectively. Bioefficacy of WP formulations of BGC-1 and HD-1 were recorded ranging from 32.50 to 95.00 and 35.00 to 97.50 percent mortality respectively at different concentration. The same WP formulation was also tested against S. litura and P. xylostella, recorded 87.50 and 95.00 per cent mortality for S. litura and P. xylostella, respectively. The study concludes that native isolate BGC-1 was found to be promising against major lepidopteran pests.